Profile of Cytokines and Chemokines Triggered by Wild-Type Strains of Rabies Virus in Mice.

Rabies is a lethal infectious disease that causes 55,000 human deaths per year and is transmitted by various mammalian species, such as dogs and bats. The host immune response is essential for avoiding viral progression and promoting viral clearance. Cytokines and chemokines are crucial in the development of an immediate antiviral response; the rabies virus (RABV) attempts to evade this immune response. The virus's capacity for evasion is correlated with its pathogenicity and the host's inflammatory response, with highly pathogenic strains being the most efficient at hijacking the host's defense mechanisms and thereby decreasing inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of a set of cytokine and chemokine genes that are related to the immune response in the brains of mice inoculated intramuscularly or intracerebrally with two wild-type strains of RABV, one from dog and the other from vampire bat. The results demonstrated that the gene expression profile is intrinsic to the specific rabies variant. The prompt production of cytokines and chemokines seems to be more important than their levels of expression for surviving a rabies infection.

Tratamento conservativo e cirúrgico em 22 ruminantes com fraturas em membros / Conservative and surgical treatment in 22 ruminants with limb fractures

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar os principais locais de fraturas em membros de 22 ruminantes e determinar a eficiência dos tratamentos utilizados. Foram incluídos no estudo oito caprinos, oito ovinos e seis bovinos Em casos de fraturas distais, o tratamento conservativo com imobilização foi o método de eleição. Em casos de fraturas proximais e fraturas expostas de metatarso ou metacarpo, os ruminantes foram tratados cirurgicamente. Observou-se maior frequência de fraturas envolvendo o metacarpo ou metatarso (54,5%), seguido por fraturas de tíbia (22,7%), fêmur (9%) e casos isolados de fraturas de falange medial, úmero, rádio e ulna (4,5% cada). O índice de recuperação total alcançou 95,4%. A imobilização com gesso associada à tala de Thomas, ou apenas com talas de madeira em animais jovens, foi eficiente na redução de fraturas de metacarpo, metatarso, tíbia, úmero e rádio nos ruminantes tratados. Enquanto no caso de fratura de falange medial, a imobilização com uso apenas de gesso foi suficiente para proporcionar reparação óssea adequada. A fixação esquelética externa ou interna deve ser considerada uma opção no tratamento de fraturas metacárpicas, metatársicas, tibiais e femorais em ruminantes, principalmente quando o animal for de baixo peso corporal.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to report the main locations of limb fractures in 22 ruminants and to determine the efficiency of the treatment choices. Eight goats, eight sheep and six cattle were included. In cases of distal fractures, the conservative treatment with immobilization was the method of choice. In cases of proximal, exposed metatarsal or metacarpal fractures, the ruminants were treated surgically. The higher frequency of fractures involved the metacarpal or metatarsal (54.5%) followed by fractures of the tibia (22.7%), femur (9%) and isolated cases of medial phalanx, humerus, radius and ulna fractures (4.5% each). Total recovery rate reached 95.4%. Immobilization with plaster associated with Thomas splint, or just with wooden splints in young animals, was efficient in reducing fractures of metacarpal, metatarsal, tibia, humerus, and radio in the treated ruminants. In the case of medial phalanx fracture, immobilization using only plaster was sufficient to provide adequate bone repair. The internal or external skeletal fixation should be considered an option in the treatment of metacarpal, metatarsal, tibial and femoral fractures in ruminants, especially in low body weight animals.(AU)